About Aquarium Plants

Aquarium plants come in a diverse array of types, each offering unique features and benefits to your underwater landscape. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced aquarist, here are some popular types of aquarium plants categorized based on their growth patterns and characteristics:

Foreground Plants:

Dwarf Baby Tears (Hemianthus callitrichoides): Ideal for creating lush carpeting, these small and vibrant green plants require high light and a nutrient-rich substrate. Often reffered to as "DBT" or "HC". Key Features below:

• Carpeting: Known for dense, vibrant round leaves create a carpet-like features across aquarium substate.
• Rooting: Properly establishing a carpet of Dwarf Baby Tears involves meticulous attention to their rooting system. It's recommended to plant them in a nutrient-rich substrate and ensure a stable foundation for their delicate roots to anchor.
• High Light & CO2 Demands: Achieving the full potential of Dwarf Baby Tears requires providing high-intensity lighting and a consistent supply of carbon dioxide (CO2). In setups with adequate lighting and CO2 supplementation, these plants thrive and exhibit the vibrant green coloration that makes them so appealing. 
• Ideal for Nano Tanks: Due to their petite size and compact growth habit, Dwarf Baby Tears are particularly well-suited for nano aquariums and aquascapes where space is limited. Their small stature allows for intricate detailing and intricate designs.
• Trimming and Maintenance: Regular pruning and trimming are essential to maintain the carpet's uniformity and prevent excessive vertical growth. Frequent trimming promotes lateral growth, resulting in a denser and more visually striking carpet.

 

Monte Carlo (Micranthemum 'Monte Carlo'): Similar to Dwarf Baby Tears, Monte Carlo forms a dense and low carpet but is often considered more forgiving in terms of lighting and care. A small yet visually striking aquatic plant that has gained popularity in the realm of aquascaping. Recognized for its vibrant green color, low maintenance requirements, and ability to form lush carpets, Monte Carlo is a versatile choice for both beginners and experienced aquarium enthusiasts.

• Carpeting Charm: One of the standout features of Monte Carlo is its ability to create a dense and carpet-like effect in aquariums. When planted in the foreground, it forms a carpet of small, round leaves that adds a touch of lushness to the tank floor. Plant Monte Carlo in a nutrient-rich substrate to support its growth. A substrate with essential nutrients provides a solid foundation for healthy and lush carpeting.
• Compact Growth: Monte Carlo exhibits a compact growth habit, making it an excellent choice for nano tanks and foreground areas in larger aquariums. Its small size allows for intricate detailing in aquascaping layouts. Plant Monte Carlo in a nutrient-rich substrate to support its growth. A substrate with essential nutrients provides a solid foundation for healthy and lush carpeting.
• Low to Moderate Light Requirements: Unlike some demanding carpeting plants, Monte Carlo can thrive in low to moderate light conditions. While it benefits from higher light levels, it is generally more adaptable and forgiving, making it suitable for a range of setups.
• CO2 Supplementation: While Monte Carlo can survive without injected carbon dioxide (CO2), it tends to exhibit more robust and faster growth with CO2 supplementation. CO2 can enhance the plant's vibrancy and overall health. While not mandatory, injecting CO2 enhances the plant's growth and ensures a vibrant green color. It's particularly beneficial in setups with higher lighting.
• Versatile Use: Monte Carlo is not restricted to carpeting alone. It can also be used as a midground or background plant, providing flexibility in designing diverse aquascapes.

 

Dwarf Hairgrass (Eleocharis parvula): Dwarf Hairgrass, scientifically known as Eleocharis parvula, is a popular and versatile aquatic plant prized for its fine, grass-like appearance. Widely recognized for its ability to create lush carpets, Dwarf Hairgrass adds a touch of elegance to freshwater aquariums. Its delicate yet resilient nature makes it a favorite among aquascapers seeking a vibrant and visually appealing foreground.

• Carpeting Marvel: One of the standout features of Dwarf Hairgrass is its capacity to form a dense and carpet-like effect in aquariums. When planted in the foreground, it creates a green carpet of slender blades, resembling a miniature grassy meadow. Periodic trimming helps maintain a neat and uniform carpet. Trimming also encourages lateral spreading, contributing to the desired carpeting effect.
• Compact Growth: Dwarf Hairgrass maintains a compact growth habit, making it suitable for foreground planting in both small and large aquariums. Its small size allows for intricate detailing in aquascaping layouts, and it complements larger focal plants or hardscape elements.Plant Dwarf Hairgrass in a nutrient-rich substrate to support its growth. A substrate designed for aquatic plants provides essential nutrients for healthy and vibrant grass.
• Versatility in Aquascapes: While often utilized as a foreground plant, Dwarf Hairgrass can also be used to create transitional zones between different areas of the aquascape. It adds a naturalistic touch to pathways or borders within the tank.
• Low to High Light Adaptability: Dwarf Hairgrass is adaptable to a range of lighting conditions. While it can thrive in moderate to high light, it is also capable of surviving in lower light setups. However, for optimal growth and lushness, providing moderate to high light is recommended.
• CO2 Supplementation: While Dwarf Hairgrass can grow without injected carbon dioxide (CO2), supplementing CO2 can enhance its growth rate and promote a denser carpet. It's particularly beneficial in setups with higher lighting levels. 

 

Midground Plants:

Anubias: Anubias, belonging to the Anubias genus, is a group of aquatic plants known for their resilient nature and elegant appearance. With a range of species and varieties, Anubias has become a favorite among aquarists, appreciated for its ability to thrive in a variety of conditions and add a touch of timeless beauty to freshwater aquariums. Anubias can be attached to rocks or driftwood. 

• Hardiness and Adaptability: Anubias is renowned for its hardiness and adaptability to diverse aquarium environments. It can withstand a range of water conditions, making it an excellent choice for both beginners and experienced aquarists. Requires minimal maintenance, making it suitable for aquarium enthusiasts looking for an easy-to-care-for plant.
• Broad Leaves and Unique Shapes: Anubias plants typically feature broad, leathery leaves that come in various shapes, depending on the species. Some varieties have heart-shaped leaves, while others may have elongated or lance-shaped foliage. This diversity allows aquarists to choose plants that suit their aesthetic preferences.
• Rhizome Growth: Anubias plants grow from a horizontal rhizome, which should be partially exposed rather than buried in the substrate. The rhizome produces roots and leaves, and it's crucial not to bury it to prevent rotting.
• Low-Light Tolerance: Anubias is well-suited for aquariums with low to moderate light conditions. While it can adapt to higher light levels, it thrives and exhibits optimal growth in setups with subdued lighting.
• Suitable for Aquascaping and Attachments: Anubias can be creatively incorporated into aquascapes, attaching them to driftwood, rocks, or other hardscape elements. This feature makes them versatile in creating visually appealing layouts.

Popular Varieties:

• Anubias barteri: This species is one of the most common and widely available. It comes in different forms, including Anubias barteri var. nana, known for its compact size and suitability for smaller aquariums.
• Anubias coffeefolia: Recognized for its unique coffee-like textured leaves, this variety adds a distinctive touch to the aquascape.
• Anubias nana petite: A miniature version of Anubias nana, this variety is well-suited for nano tanks and detailed aquascaping.

 

Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus): Java Fern, scientifically known as Microsorum pteropus, is a beloved and enduring species in the world of aquarium plants. Revered for its hardiness, distinctive appearance, and versatility, Java Fern is a favorite among aquarists of all experience levels. Its unique growth pattern and undemanding nature make it a valuable addition to freshwater aquariums. Compatible with a variety of fish. Its distinctive, arching leaves add an elegant touch to the midground. 

• Leaf Structure: Java Fern boasts distinctive, leathery leaves with a characteristic lace-like appearance. The leaves are typically dark green and deeply lobed, giving the plant its unique and ornamental look.  Java Fern provides shelter and a naturalistic environment for aquarium inhabitants. It is compatible with a wide range of fish and invertebrates.
• Rhizome Growth: Similar to Anubias, Java Fern grows from a horizontal rhizome. It is crucial not to bury the rhizome in the substrate; instead, it should be attached to rocks, driftwood, or other hardscape elements.
• Low-Light Tolerance: One of the standout features of Java Fern is its ability to thrive in low-light to moderate-light conditions. While it can adapt to higher light levels, it excels in setups with subdued lighting, making it an excellent choice for aquariums with limited light availability.
• Versatile Placement: Java Fern is a versatile plant that can be attached to various aquarium structures. It can be secured to rocks, driftwood, or even left floating in the water, providing flexibility in aquascaping designs.
• Slow Growth: Java Fern is known for its slow growth rate, which can be an advantage in aquariums where controlled growth is desired. This characteristic makes it a low-maintenance option for aquarists. Java Fern is a low-maintenance plant that thrives in a variety of water conditions. It is suitable for beginners and experienced aquarists alike.

Popular Varieties:

• Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus): The classic Java Fern with its distinctive leaf structure.
• Windelov Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus 'Windelov'): Also known as the "Lace Java Fern," this variety has finely branched leaves, creating an even more intricate appearance.
• Narrow Leaf Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus 'Narrow'): This variety has narrower leaves compared to the classic Java Fern, providing a different visual appeal.

 

Cryptocoryne: commonly known as "Crypts," is a genus of aquatic plants highly regarded for its diversity, unique leaf shapes, colors and adaptability. Belonging to the Araceae family, Cryptocoryne species are popular choices among aquarium enthusiasts for their striking appearance and suitability for various aquascaping styles. They are generally low-maintenance.

• Leaf Variation: Cryptocoryne plants exhibit a wide range of leaf shapes, sizes, and colors, depending on the species and environmental conditions. Leaves can be broad or slender, with colors ranging from green to brown, red, or even pink.
• Rhizome Growth: Similar to Java Fern and Anubias, Cryptocoryne species grow from a rhizome. The rhizome should not be buried in the substrate to avoid rotting; instead, it can be anchored to rocks or driftwood.  Cryptocoryne species can be propagated by dividing the rhizome. Carefully separate the plant into smaller sections, ensuring each section has roots attached.
• Adaptability: Cryptocoryne species are known for their adaptability to different aquarium conditions. They can thrive in various water parameters, making them suitable for both beginners and experienced aquarists.  Cryptocoryne plants may experience a transition period when introduced to a new aquarium. Providing stable conditions and avoiding sudden changes in lighting or water parameters can help them acclimate.
• Low to Moderate Light Tolerance: While Cryptocoryne plants can adapt to different light levels, they generally prefer low to moderate lighting. Excessive light intensity can lead to algae issues or affect the overall health of the plant.
• Submerged and Emersed Growth: Cryptocoryne species can grow both submerged and emersed. Emersed growth is when the plant grows above the water surface, producing different leaf forms. Submerged growth, common in aquariums, displays the characteristic underwater leaf shapes. Provide a nutrient-rich substrate to support Cryptocoryne growth. Substrate additives such as root tabs can enhance nutrient availability.

Popular Varieties:

• Cryptocoryne wendtii:This species is particularly popular in the aquarium hobby, known for its versatility and diverse leaf forms. Varieties include green, brown, red, and bronze wendtii.
• Cryptocoryne parva: A smaller species suitable for foreground planting, Cryptocoryne parva forms a dense carpet of tiny, green leaves.
• Cryptocoryne spiralis: Recognized for its long, spiraled leaves, this species adds a unique vertical element to aquariums. 

Background Plants:

Amazon Sword (Echinodorus): A classic choice for the background, Amazon Sword, belonging to the genus Echinodorus, is a renowned and majestic aquatic plant cherished by aquarium enthusiasts for its large, broad-leaved, grand appearance and adaptability. Provide excellent coverage and nutrient-rich substrates. Hailing from the extensive Echinodorus family, Amazon Swords are popular choices for creating lush, vibrant underwater landscapes.

• Gigantic Size: Amazon Swords are known for their impressive size, making them suitable for midground to background placement in larger aquariums. Some species can grow leaves up to 20 inches in length, creating a visually striking presence.
• Broad and Elongated Leaves: The leaves of Amazon Sword plants are broad, elongated, and typically green, providing a lush and vibrant display in aquariums. Leaf shapes can vary among different Echinodorus species. Periodically trim old or damaged leaves to promote new growth and maintain the plant's aesthetic appeal.
• Rooted in Substrate: Unlike some plants that grow from rhizomes, Amazon Swords are rooted in the substrate. A nutrient-rich substrate benefits their growth and supports their nutrient uptake.
• Moderate to High Light: While adaptable to various light levels, Amazon Swords thrive in moderate to high light conditions. Adequate lighting encourages robust growth and vibrant leaf colors.
• Versatile Placement: Amazon Swords are versatile in their placement within the aquarium. They can be used as central focal points or positioned in groups to create dense, green backgrounds. Ensure that Amazon Swords receive enough light and avoid shading them with taller plants to support healthy growth.
• Adaptability: Amazon Swords are adaptable to a variety of water conditions, making them suitable for both beginner and experienced aquarists. They can thrive in a range of temperatures and pH levels. 
• CO2 Supplementation: While not mandatory, providing supplemental carbon dioxide (CO2) can enhance the growth of Amazon Swords, especially in setups with higher lighting.

Popular Varieties:

• Echinodorus bleheri (Amazon Sword): The classic and widely recognized Amazon Sword variety, known for its large, arching leaves.
• Echinodorus amazonicus: Similar to E. bleheri, this variety is characterized by its impressive size and attractive leaf structure.
• Echinodorus parviflorus (Tropica Sword): A smaller variety suitable for smaller aquariums, featuring narrower leaves compared to its larger counterparts.

 

 

Vallisneria (Val): Commonly known as Val, represents a genus of aquatic plants appreciated for their graceful appearance and versatility in aquariums. These submerged plants, belonging to the Hydrocharitaceae family, are characterized by long, ribbon-like leaves that sway elegantly in the water, adding a dynamic and naturalistic touch to freshwater setups. They are fast-growing, tall grass-like plant is suitable for the background and helps oxygenate the water.

• Long, Ribbon-Like Leaves: Vallisneria species are distinguished by their long, slender leaves that can reach impressive lengths. These leaves often have a ribbon-like appearance, creating a graceful and flowing effect in the aquarium. 
• Rooted in Substrate: Vallisneria plants are rooted in the substrate, and they send out runners to propagate and produce new plants. Their root system helps anchor them in place and absorb nutrients from the substrate.
• Background Plant: Vallisneria is commonly used as a background plant due to its tall and upright growth. It serves as an excellent choice for covering the back of the aquarium and providing a lush green backdrop. Plant Vallisneria with enough spacing between individual plants to allow them to reach their full height and prevent shading of lower leaves.
• Variety in Species: There are several Vallisneria species available in the aquarium trade, offering aquarists choices in leaf width, height, and coloration. Common species include Vallisneria spiralis and Vallisneria americana.
• Oxygenating Qualities: Like many submerged aquatic plants, Vallisneria contributes to oxygenating the water and providing shelter for fish and invertebrates. It also aids in nutrient uptake, potentially helping to control algae growth. Vallisneria is adaptable to a range of temperatures and pH levels, making it suitable for a variety of freshwater aquarium setups.
• Moderate to High Light: Vallisneria generally thrives in moderate to high light conditions. Adequate lighting encourages healthy growth and vibrant green coloration.
• Propagation: Vallisneria reproduces through runners that produce new plants. These runners can be separated and replanted to propagate the species.

Popular Varieties:

•  Vallisneria spiralis: Also known as straight vallisneria, this species features long, straight leaves that can reach impressive heights. It is a popular choice for creating a dense background in aquariums.
• Vallisneria americana (Jungle Val): Recognized for its slightly wider leaves and more chaotic growth pattern, Jungle Val adds a naturalistic and untamed look to aquariums.
• Vallisneria nana: A smaller species compared to others, Vallisneria nana is suitable for smaller aquariums and provides a more compact background.

   

Rotala: A diverse genus of aquatic plants known for its vibrant and colorful stem varieties. These plants, belonging to the family Lythraceae, are popular choices among aquascapers for their versatility, adaptability, and the striking visual impact they bring to freshwater aquariums. Adds vertical interest to the background of your aquarium.

• Stem Structure: Rotala plants are characterized by their slender stems and whorls of leaves that grow along the length of the stem. Depending on the species and conditions, the leaves can vary in color, shape, and size.
• Color Variations: One of the appealing features of Rotala is the variety of colors it can exhibit. From vibrant greens to shades of red and pink, Rotala species contribute to the overall visual appeal of aquascapes.
• Background and Midground Use: Rotala is commonly used as a midground or background plant in aquariums. Its vertical growth and bushy appearance make it an excellent choice for creating depth and dimension in aquascaping layouts.
• Adaptable Growth: Rotala species can adapt to various aquarium conditions, including light levels, nutrient availability, and water parameters. This adaptability makes them suitable for both beginner and experienced aquarists.  Plant Rotala in a substrate enriched with nutrients, or use root tabs, to support its growth. Regular fertilization can enhance coloration. While not mandatory, providing supplemental carbon dioxide (CO2) can boost the growth and vibrancy of Rotala, especially in setups with higher lighting.
• Propagation: Rotala is easily propagated through cuttings. Trimmed stems can be replanted in the substrate to create new clusters, allowing aquarists to control the density and height of the plants.  Periodic pruning and trimming are essential to maintain the desired shape and density of Rotala plants. Trimmed cuttings can be replanted for propagation.
• Lighting: Rotala generally benefits from moderate to high lighting conditions. Providing sufficient light encourages healthy growth and intensifies the colors in some species.
• Water Flow: Rotala benefits from moderate water flow, which helps distribute nutrients and oxygen throughout the aquarium

Popular Varieties:

• Rotala indica (Indian Toothcup): This species is known for its vibrant green coloration and is often used to create lush backgrounds in aquariums.
• Rotala rotundifolia (Roundleaf Toothcup): Recognized for its rounder leaves and potential to display hues of red under certain conditions, this species adds diversity to aquascapes.
• Rotala wallichii (Whorly Rotala): Characterized by its delicate and fine leaves, Rotala wallichii is valued for its reddish-pink coloration, especially in high light conditions.

  

Floating Plants: 

Duckweed (Lemna minor): Duckweed, scientifically known as Lemna minor, is a small, free-floating aquatic plant that belongs to the Lemnaceae family. Recognized for its rapid growth and ability to cover the surface of still or slow-moving waters, Duckweed is a common inhabitant of freshwater environments, including ponds, lakes, and aquariums. Helps reduce nutrient levels in the water. 

• Tiny Floating Fronds: Duckweed consists of tiny, oval-shaped fronds that float on the water's surface. Each frond typically ranges from 1 to 10 millimeters in size, making Duckweed one of the smallest flowering plants.
• Rapid Reproduction: Duckweed is known for its prolific reproductive capabilities. It reproduces asexually through budding, and under favorable conditions, a few fronds can quickly multiply and cover the entire water surface. Regular thinning or removal may be necessary to prevent Duckweed from completely covering the aquarium surface. Its rapid growth can lead to reduced light penetration for other plants and organisms.
• Nutrient Absorption: Duckweed plays a role in nutrient absorption, helping to remove excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from the water. This can contribute to water quality improvement in aquatic ecosystems. Duckweed is adaptable to a range of temperatures, making it suitable for various aquarium setups. It can thrive in both tropical and temperate environments.
• Shade Provider: As Duckweed forms a dense layer on the water's surface, it provides shade beneath, reducing light penetration into the water. This shading effect can affect the growth of submerged plants and algae. A popular choice for aquariums with low to moderate lighting.
• Habitat for Microorganisms: The rootless nature of Duckweed provides a habitat for small microorganisms and invertebrates, offering a food source for aquatic organisms.
• Propagation: Duckweed reproduces primarily through asexual reproduction. Daughter fronds, known as "daughter plants," develop at the base of mature fronds and eventually separate to form independent plants. This rapid multiplication is a key characteristic of Duckweed. 

 

Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes): Water Lettuce, scientifically known as Pistia stratiotes, is a charming floating aquatic plant prized for its ornamental rosette-shaped leaves and beneficial qualities. This free-floating perennial is a member of the Araceae family and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. Its distinctive rosette structure and lush foliage make it a popular choice for both outdoor water gardens and indoor aquariums, providing shade and shelter for fish.

• Rosette Form: Water Lettuce forms a rosette of velvety, light green leaves that resemble the shape of a lettuce head. The leaves are covered with fine hairs, giving them a soft texture.
• Floating Habit: As a free-floating plant, Water Lettuce doesn't require planting in substrate. It effortlessly floats on the water's surface, creating a canopy that provides shade for aquatic inhabitants, reducing light intensity. This is particularly beneficial in aquariums with high-light plants that may require some shading.
• Roots Dangle Below: Beneath the water's surface, Water Lettuce develops long, feathery roots that dangle down. These roots serve multiple purposes, including nutrient absorption and providing shelter for small aquatic organisms.
• Temperature Tolerance: Water Lettuce is well-adapted to warm environments and thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. It can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, making it suitable for outdoor ponds and indoor aquariums. While Water Lettuce prefers warmer temperatures, it may not survive in extremely cold conditions. In colder climates, it can be overwintered indoors or treated as an annual.
• Rapid Growth: Under favorable conditions, Water Lettuce exhibits rapid growth, reproducing through the division of daughter plants. This trait makes it effective at providing surface coverage in a relatively short period. Due to its fast growth, regular thinning may be necessary to prevent overcrowding. This ensures that other plants receive sufficient light, and the water surface remains accessible.
• Nutrient Uptake: Like other floating plants, Water Lettuce contributes to nutrient uptake in the water. It absorbs nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates, potentially aiding in the prevention of algae overgrowth.
• Aesthetic Appeal: Beyond its functional benefits, Water Lettuce adds a touch of natural elegance to aquariums. Its rosette structure and trailing roots create a visually appealing and dynamic aquatic landscape.

 

Salvinia: A genus of floating aquatic ferns that adds a touch of elegance to freshwater environments. Belonging to the family Salviniaceae, these floating plants are characterized by their unique leaf structure and adaptability to various aquatic settings. Salvinia species are popular choices for aquariums and water gardens, providing both aesthetic appeal and functional benefits. These floating ferns create a dense mat on the water's surface, offering shade and contributing to nutrient absorption.

• Floating Fronds: Salvinia exhibits floating fronds that rest on the water's surface. Each frond consists of two distinct types of leaves: the upper leaves are small, round, and water-repellent, while the lower leaves function as submerged roots. The floating nature of Salvinia creates a natural cover on the water's surface, providing shade to the aquarium inhabitants and promoting a visually appealing underwater landscape.
• Leaf Structure: The upper leaves of Salvinia are covered with fine hairs, creating a velvety texture and providing buoyancy. This adaptation allows the plant to float effortlessly, creating a pleasing green cover on the water.  Due to its rapid growth, regular thinning may be necessary to prevent excessive coverage and ensure that lower levels of the aquarium receive sufficient light.
• Rapid Growth: Salvinia is known for its rapid growth under favorable conditions. This characteristic makes it an effective choice for providing shade, reducing light intensity, and aiding in the control of algae growth.
• Temperature Tolerance: Salvinia is adaptable to a range of temperatures, thriving in both tropical and subtropical climates. This versatility makes it suitable for various aquarium setups and outdoor water features.
• Propagation: Salvinia reproduces both sexually and asexually. The plants can produce spores for sexual reproduction, and they can also multiply through the division of daughter plants, forming new individuals.
• Oxygenation: Salvinia contributes to oxygenation by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. This can enhance the overall well-being of aquatic organisms.
• Nutrient Uptake: Like other floating plants, Salvinia absorbs nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from the water, playing a role in nutrient control and water quality improvement.
• Compatibility: Salvinia is generally compatible with a variety of freshwater fish and invertebrates. However, it's essential to monitor its growth and address any issues related to shading or overcrowding.
• Aquarium Size: Salvinia is suitable for both small and large aquariums. In larger setups, it can create a lush green canopy, while in smaller tanks, it provides a cozy and natural habitat.

 

Mosses: 

1. Java Moss (Taxiphyllum barbieri): A versatile and hardy moss that can be attached to surfaces, creating a lush and textured appearance.

2. Christmas Moss (Vesicularia montagnei): Similar to Java Moss, Christmas Moss has a unique branching pattern resembling tiny Christmas trees.

3. Flame Moss (Taxiphyllum sp. 'Flame'): Known for its upright growth and distinctive appearance, Flame Moss is an attractive addition to rocks or driftwood.

These are just a few examples of the many aquarium plant types available. Remember to consider your tank's specific conditions, such as lighting, substrate, and water parameters, when selecting and placing plants in your aquarium.